Iontogel 3

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1. Energy density

Ionogels are 3D polymer networks that contain Ionic liquids that have excellent thermal, iontogel electrochemical and chemical stability. They are nonflammable, have negligible vapor-pressure, and have a large potential window. This makes them ideal for supercapacitors. Furthermore, the presence Ionic liquids in their structure provides them with mechanical integrity. Ionogels can be utilized without encapsulation and are able to withstand harsh conditions like high temperatures.

They therefore make excellent candidates for portable and wearable electronics that can be worn and carried around. They are not compatible with electrodes due to of their large ion sizes as well as their high viscosity. This results in slow ionic diffusion and a gradual decline in capacitance. To overcome this limitation researchers integrated ionogels in solid-state capacitors (SC) to achieve high energy density and excellent durability. The resulting iontogel-based SCs were found to have superior performance, outperforming previously published IL and gel-based IL-SCs.

In order to make the iontogel based SCs, 0.6 g copolymer (P(VDF-HFP) was mixed with 1.8 g hydrophobic EMIMBF4 ionic fluid (IL). The solution was cast onto a Ni-based film, and sandwiched between MCNN/CNT/CNT film and CCNN/CNT/CNT/CNT films. These were used as positive and negative electrodes. The ionogel electrode evaporated in an Ar-filled glovebox resulting in an FISC that is symmetrical and has a 3.0 V potential window.

The FISCs made of iontogel showed excellent endurance, with a capacity retention of up to 88% after 1000 cycles in straight and bending conditions. In addition, they displayed excellent stability, sustaining the same potential window even under bent. These results suggest that iontogels are a reliable and long-lasting alternative to traditional electrolytes made of ionic liquids. they may pave the way for the future development of solid-state, flexible lithium-ion supercapacitors. Additionally, FISCs based on iontogels can be easily customized to meet the needs of different applications. They can be shaped to conform to the dimensions of the device and they can be used for charging and discharging under different bent angles. This makes them a great option for applications where the dimension of the device is limited and the angle of bending is not fixed.

2. Conductivity of Ionics

The ionic conductivity of ionogels can be greatly affected by the structure of the polymer network. A polymer that has high crystallinity and a high Tg has a greater ionic conductivity than a polymer with low crystallinity or Tg. Therefore, iontogels that have high Ionic conductivity are needed for applications that require electrochemical performance. Recently we have developed self-healable ionogel which has excellent mechanical properties and a high ionic conductivity. This new ionogel is prepared by locking ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIM TFSI), into poly(aminopropyl-methylsiloxane) grafted with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC), in the presence of tannic acid (TA). The result is a completely physical dual crosslinked system consisting of ionic aggregates between METAC and TA and hydrogen bonds between METAC and PAPMS and hydrophobic connections between TA, PAPMS, and iontogel 3.

The Ionogel is a crosslinked chemical material that has excellent mechanical properties that include high elastic strain-to-break and high strain recovery. It also has excellent thermal stability and ionic conductivity of up to 1.19 mS cm-1 at 25°C. In addition, the ionogel is able to completely heal in 12 h at room temperature, with a recovery of up to 83%. This is due the formation of a totally physical dual crosslinked networks between METAC & TA & hydrogen bonding between iontogel3 and the TA.

Additionally, we have also been able to modify the mechanical properties of ionogels with different ratios of trithiol crosslinker and dithiols in the base material. By increasing the amount of dithiols, we can reduce the density of network crosslinking in the Ionogels. We have also found that varying the thiol acrylate concentration has a significant effect on the polymerization kinetics of ionogels and mechanical properties.

The ionogels also possess a very high dynamic viscoelasticity, with a modulus of storage up to 105 Pa. The Arrhenius plots of the ionic liquid BMIMBF4 and ionogels with different content of hyperbranched polymer exhibit typical rubber-like behavior, in which the storage modulus is independent of frequency throughout the temperature range. The ionic conductivity in Ionogels is also in a way independent of frequency which is a crucial feature for applications as electrolytes made of solid-state materials.

3. Flexibility

Ionogels made of polymer substrates and ionic liquids are extremely electrically stable and high stability. They are promising materials that can be utilized in iontronic applications such as triboelectric-based microgenerators, thermoelectric ionic materials and strain sensors. Their flexibility is a major problem. To tackle this issue, we developed an ionogel that is flexible, with self-healing capabilities and ionic conductivity by using reversible strong and weak interactions. This ionogel can be stretched to more than 10 times its original length, without losing ionic conductivity, and is highly resistant to shear forces.

The ionogel is made up of an acrylamide monomer with a carboxyl group linked to a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVDF) chain. It is easily soluble in water, ethanol and acetone. It also has a high tensile strength of 1.6 MPa and a break elongation of 9.1%. Solution casting is a quick and easy way to coat the ionogel on non-conductive surfaces. It's also a feasible candidate for an ionogel-based supercapacitor as it possesses specific capacity of 62 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and outstanding cyclic stability.

Additionally it is able to generate electromechanical signals at a relatively large range of frequency and intensity, as demonstrated by the paper fan as an example of an elastic strain sensor (Fig. 5C). The ionogel-coated paper can also produce reproducible and consistent electromechanical responses when it is folded repeatedly and closed like an accordion.

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4. Healability

The unique properties of Iontogel 3 make it a promising material for a variety of applications. These include information security, electronic devices that are soft and wearable, and energy harvesters that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy (e.g.). Ionogels are translucent and self-healing when crosslinking's reversible reaction is controlled in a controlled manner.

To prepare ionogels, a block copolymer of poly(styrene)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-r-acrylic acid) (P(St)-b-P(DMAAm-r-AAc)) is cast into an ionic liquid (IL) and crosslinked using the thermoresponsive Diels-Alder reaction. The resulting ionogels exhibit high tensile strength, ionic conductivity, and resilience while also having a wide thermal stability window.

For a more advanced application, the ionogels were doped with carbon quantum dots through dynamic covalent cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde and chemical cross-linking of acrylamide in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl). Additionally, ionogels can be fabricated to form a stretchable and flexible membrane by incorporating the ionic dipole interactions between DMAAm-r AAc blocks. Ionogels were also discovered to exhibit excellent transparency and self-healing characteristics when stretched cyclically.

A different approach to create materials with self-healing capability is by exploiting photo-responsive chromophores, which produce dimers upon exposure to light using [2-2] and [4-4] cycloaddition reactions, as illustrated in Figure 8b. This method permits the production of reversible block-copolymer ion gels that self-heal by heating them to convert the dimers back to their original state.

Reversible bonds also eliminate the need for expensive crosslinking agent and allow for easy modification of the material properties. Ionogels are versatile and are suitable for industrial and consumer applications because they are able to regulate the reversed reaction. These ionogels are also designed to perform differently at different temperatures. This is accomplished by altering the concentrations of the ionic fluid and the synthesis conditions. Self-healing Ionogels can be used in outer space, as they can keep their shape and ionic conductive properties at low vapor pressures. Nevertheless, further research is needed to develop self-healing ionogels with higher durability and strength. To provide adequate protection from environmental stressors, ionogels could be strengthened using rigid materials such as carbon fibres or cellulose.